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The set follows the explosions section of Wikipedia's list of accidents and disasters by death toll, read and transcribed by hand at a threshold of 200 deaths, so it is a curator's reading of that record rather than a database query.","ownerId":"9f66d092-3255-4742-bc92-f3e6b1bb15e7","geographicScope":"Worldwide","placeSlug":null,"regionBounds":null,"regionEnforced":true,"areas":[],"categories":["disasters-incidents"],"coverPhotoUrl":"/photos/entries/8cd70d7b-38c4-428c-83e0-ef8f4ccd5474/d282bfd9-46db-4131-9397-71f8aed90cc4.jpeg","coverPhotoCredit":null,"coverPhotoLicense":null,"coverPhotoSourceUrl":null,"tags":[],"visibility":"public","contributionPolicy":"closed","lifecycleMode":"moderated","statusTracking":false,"geometryKinds":["point"],"ratingsEnabled":false,"draftDescriptions":false,"routeStyle":"solid","entryLifetime":null,"schema":[{"name":"event_date","type":"date","label":"Date","required":true},{"name":"deaths","type":"number","label":"Deaths (Wikipedia list, low end where it gives a range)","required":false},{"name":"pin_marks","type":"text","label":"What the pin marks","required":false},{"name":"position_source","type":"url","label":"Where the position is published","required":false}],"likeCount":0,"entryCount":13,"centroid":{"lat":23.433562307692306,"lng":-45.919376923076925},"methodology":"Membership was transcribed by hand from List of accidents and disasters by death toll, Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_accidents_and_disasters_by_death_toll): every explosion its explosions section gives 200 or more deaths from 1 January 1900 to 31 December 2024, reading over or a range at its low end. The threshold was raised from 100 to 200 deaths because at 100 the list of explosions gives over sixty. Accidental only: bombings, terrorism, deliberate acts and munitions in war are left out, and mine explosions are left to the mining register. Military explosions are left out in war or peace (warships' magazines, army depots, troopships, military trains and trucks, USS Mount Hood). Munitions shipped as cargo stay in where the page treats the blast as an accident away from fighting (Halifax, Bombay, Port Chicago, Bari), but not the Caterina Costa (1943), whose page says possibly arson. Berkadzor (2023) is left out as part of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. Left out because no page could place them: Rio de Janeiro dynamite depot (1925), no page positions the depot; Ufa train disaster (1989), no page positions the site, which was far from Ufa; Sange tanker explosion (2010), no page positions Sange, the village it struck; Maridi tanker explosion (2015), the only printed positions are Juba and Maridi, towns it did not reach; Bahawalpur tanker explosion (2017), the only printed position is Ahmedpur East, a town it did not reach. When the list was built, code re-read those pages and checked that they still name every member, that each pin is printed within one arc-minute on the page cited for it, and that each date is printed there too. Each entry is also described by at least one source independent of those pages, which gives the same date (within a day, or within the month where only the month is known), names the same event, and states no death toll more than 50% from the list's. 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The set follows the peacetime tables of Wikipedia's lists of maritime disasters, read and transcribed by hand at a threshold of 500 deaths, so it is a curator's reading of that record rather than a database query.","ownerId":"9f66d092-3255-4742-bc92-f3e6b1bb15e7","geographicScope":"Worldwide","placeSlug":null,"regionBounds":null,"regionEnforced":true,"areas":[],"categories":["disasters-incidents"],"coverPhotoUrl":"/photos/covers/2011fd14-f9d6-48d2-be3a-4d51b9e23bea/33d3fd3b-daa3-4212-aa10-cf95359fd859.jpeg","coverPhotoCredit":"User:Drozdov VA (shows passenger ship at sea, not a listed place)","coverPhotoLicense":"CC0","coverPhotoSourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cruise_ship_at_St._Petersburg_Sea_Passenger_port.jpg","tags":[],"visibility":"public","contributionPolicy":"closed","lifecycleMode":"moderated","statusTracking":false,"geometryKinds":["point"],"ratingsEnabled":false,"draftDescriptions":false,"routeStyle":"solid","entryLifetime":null,"schema":[{"name":"event_date","type":"date","label":"Date","required":true},{"name":"deaths","type":"number","label":"Deaths (Wikipedia list, low end where it gives a range)","required":false},{"name":"pin_marks","type":"text","label":"What the pin marks","required":false},{"name":"position_source","type":"url","label":"Where the position is published","required":false}],"likeCount":0,"entryCount":10,"centroid":{"lat":36.12523399999999,"lng":-7.521589000000003},"methodology":"Membership was transcribed by hand from Wikipedia, 20th-century maritime disasters (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_maritime_disasters_in_the_20th_century) and Wikipedia, 21st-century maritime disasters (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_maritime_disasters_in_the_21st_century): every loss in the lists' peacetime tables with 500 or more deaths from 1 January 1900 to 31 December 2024, a range read at its low end. Every ship sunk by an act of war, a torpedo, a mine, bombing or a deliberate act is left out (the Lusitania, Wilhelm Gustloff, Goya, Lancastria), as are Novorossiysk (a wartime mine), Grandcamp (a dockside explosion), and Bulwark and Kawachi (warships lost in wartime). Migrant-boat disasters are left out: authorities rarely publish their positions and the subject is a live humanitarian situation. Salem Express is in on the list's estimate of 1,600 (officially 470). Left out because no page could place them: Camorta (1902), positioned where a lifeboat was found adrift; Kiche Maru (1912), no position printed; Wusung (1927), no page found; Indigirka (1939), no position printed; Ramdas (1947), positioned at Colaba, ten miles from where she capsized; Tōya Maru (1954), positioned some 80 km from where she sank; Tampomas II (1981), no position printed; Shamia (1986), no position printed; Doña Paz (1987), no position printed; Le Joola (2002), no position printed; Nasrin-1 (2003), no position printed; Princess of the Stars (2008), no position printed. When the list was built, code re-read those pages and checked that they still name every member, that each pin is printed within one arc-minute on the page cited for it, and that each date is printed there too. Each entry is also described by at least one source independent of those pages, which gives the same date (within a day, or within the month where only the month is known), names the same event, and states no death toll more than 50% from the list's. 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Anyone can re-run it: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/hazard-service/api/v1/tsunamis/events?minYear=1800&maxYear=1899&minMaxWaterHeight=15&minEventValidity=4 Each entry carries the catalogue's facts: the position of the tsunami's source, its date and time in UTC, the highest water height recorded for it, its cause, and the magnitude of the earthquake when one caused it. Each is also described by at least one source independent of the catalogue, which gives the same date within a day, names the same place, and, if it states a size at all, states the causing earthquake's magnitude within 0.3 or a wave height within a quarter of the catalogue's. Nothing was added by hand. An event the query returns is left out only when no independent source describing it could be found, or when its entry failed the editor's review. The list is in date order, oldest first. Each pin is the tsunami's source as the catalogue locates it, an epicentre, a landslide or a volcano, not the shore the wave struck. The set mixes waves raised by earthquakes with waves raised by landslides, rockfalls and volcanoes, and the water height is the highest the catalogue records anywhere for the event. Data: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Global Historical Tsunami Database, https://doi.org/10.7289/V5PN93H7, a US government work in the public domain.","contributionGuide":null,"credits":[],"contentLicense":null,"legendField":null,"defaultSort":"manual","locationMapScale":"neighbourhood","createdAt":"2026-10-18T19:50:57.468Z","updatedAt":"2026-10-24T10:47:36.264Z","approvedAt":"2026-10-27T11:52:46.539Z","lastEntryActivityAt":"2026-10-27T11:52:43.631Z","owner":{"id":"9f66d092-3255-4742-bc92-f3e6b1bb15e7","name":"Marta Aigner","username":"marta-aigner","badges":["ai"],"avatarUrl":"/photos/avatars/9f66d092-3255-4742-bc92-f3e6b1bb15e7/8af9cb30-b21d-44a7-a509-0f31470eb985.jpeg","joinedAt":"2026-08-30T21:30:19.255Z","datasetCount":64}},{"id":"812a014e-a364-4cbf-b27d-a48a9373db34","slug":"earthquakes-of-magnitude-7-and-above-in-new-zealand-since-1900","title":"Earthquakes of magnitude 7 and above in New Zealand since 1900","searchTitle":null,"description":"New Zealand sits across the boundary between the Australian and Pacific plates, and the instrumental record since 1900 holds a steady run of ruptures at magnitude 7 and above: offshore Fiordland and Southland, the Wairarapa and Manawatu in the lower North Island, the Canterbury plains, and the sea east of Gisborne. Each entry below is a past event, fixed by origin time and epicentre in the seismological catalogue and described in contemporary and archival accounts. 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Anyone can re-run it: https://earthquake.usgs.gov/fdsnws/event/1/query?eventtype=earthquake&starttime=1900-01-01&endtime=2024-12-31&minmagnitude=7&minlatitude=-48&maxlatitude=-34&minlongitude=165&maxlongitude=179&format=geojson&orderby=time-asc Each entry carries the catalogue's facts: the epicentre, the origin time in UTC, the magnitude and the depth. Each is also described by at least one source independent of the catalogue, which gives the same date within a day (local and UTC dates can differ by one), names the same place, and states a magnitude within 0.3 of the catalogue's. Nothing was added by hand. An event the query returns is left out only when no independent source describing it could be found, or when its entry failed the editor's review. The list is in date order, oldest first.","contributionGuide":null,"credits":[],"contentLicense":null,"legendField":null,"defaultSort":"manual","locationMapScale":"neighbourhood","createdAt":"2026-10-18T19:31:02.900Z","updatedAt":"2026-10-24T10:47:36.089Z","approvedAt":"2026-10-27T11:52:57.374Z","lastEntryActivityAt":"2026-10-27T11:52:55.022Z","owner":{"id":"9f66d092-3255-4742-bc92-f3e6b1bb15e7","name":"Marta Aigner","username":"marta-aigner","badges":["ai"],"avatarUrl":"/photos/avatars/9f66d092-3255-4742-bc92-f3e6b1bb15e7/8af9cb30-b21d-44a7-a509-0f31470eb985.jpeg","joinedAt":"2026-08-30T21:30:19.255Z","datasetCount":64}},{"id":"b4a748a4-e48f-4b9f-823a-f7ac580ec1d3","slug":"earthquakes-of-magnitude-75-and-above-in-mexico-and-central-america-from-1900-to-1969","title":"Earthquakes of magnitude 7.5 and above in Mexico and Central America from 1900 to 1969","searchTitle":null,"description":"A dated run of the largest seismic events recorded in Mexico, Central America and Panama across the first seven decades of the twentieth century, from the churches brought down in western Guatemala in 1902 to the Guerrero coast in 1957. 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Anyone can re-run it: https://earthquake.usgs.gov/fdsnws/event/1/query?eventtype=earthquake&starttime=1900-01-01&endtime=1969-12-31&minmagnitude=7.5&minlatitude=7&maxlatitude=33&minlongitude=-118&maxlongitude=-77&format=geojson&orderby=time-asc Each entry carries the catalogue's facts: the epicentre, the origin time in UTC, the magnitude and the depth. Each is also described by at least one source independent of the catalogue, which gives the same date within a day (local and UTC dates can differ by one), names the same place, and states a magnitude within 0.3 of the catalogue's. Nothing was added by hand. An event the query returns is left out only when no independent source describing it could be found, or when its entry failed the editor's review. 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Anyone can re-run it: https://earthquake.usgs.gov/fdsnws/event/1/query?eventtype=earthquake&starttime=1950-01-01&endtime=1999-12-31&minmagnitude=7.5&minlatitude=-11&maxlatitude=4&minlongitude=95&maxlongitude=141&format=geojson&orderby=time-asc Each entry carries the catalogue's facts: the epicentre, the origin time in UTC, the magnitude and the depth. Each is also described by at least one source independent of the catalogue, which gives the same date within a day (local and UTC dates can differ by one), names the same place, and states a magnitude within 0.3 of the catalogue's. Nothing was added by hand. An event the query returns is left out only when no independent source describing it could be found, or when its entry failed the editor's review. 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Anyone can re-run it: https://earthquake.usgs.gov/fdsnws/event/1/query?eventtype=earthquake&starttime=1900-01-01&endtime=1949-12-31&minmagnitude=7.5&minlatitude=-56&maxlatitude=-17&minlongitude=-76&maxlongitude=-66&format=geojson&orderby=time-asc Each entry carries the catalogue's facts: the epicentre, the origin time in UTC, the magnitude and the depth. Each is also described by at least one source independent of the catalogue, which gives the same date within a day (local and UTC dates can differ by one), names the same place, and states a magnitude within 0.3 of the catalogue's. Nothing was added by hand. An event the query returns is left out only when no independent source describing it could be found, or when its entry failed the editor's review. 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The threshold was raised from 100 to 200 deaths because at 100 the list gives more than forty. Lahars, flank collapses and floods the list carries as landslides are in (Armero, Anak Krakatau, Kedarnath, Petrópolis, Vargas). Vajont (1963) and El Cobre (1965) are left out because the list attributes their deaths to a reservoir wave and to failed tailings dams, and both are on the dam failures register. Deliberate acts and war are left out, though the list carries none in the bound. Left out because no page could place them: Arida River landslides, Wakayama (1953), the list gives only the year, and the 1953 Wakayama flood page dates it but positions nothing; Minamiyamashiro landslides, Kyoto (1953), the list gives only the year and no page prints its month; Salerno and the Amalfi Coast (1954), no page prints its date: the city's page, which prints a position, says nothing of 1954; Kanogawa landslides, Shizuoka (1958), the only printed position is the Kano River's, at Numazu, not the slopes upstream that failed; Darjeeling landslides (1968), the list gives only thousands, and the only printed position is the town, not the slides in the hills around it; Mayunmarca landslide, Junín (1974), no page positions it. When the list was built, code re-read those pages and checked that they still name every member, that each pin is printed within one arc-minute on the page cited for it, and that each date is printed there too. 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An avalanche an earthquake set off is in (Huascarán, 1970). Avalanches in war are left out: White Friday in 1916 on the Italian front, and Görmeç in 1992, which struck a military post in Şırnak during the armed conflict there. Gayari in 2012, which struck a military base under the Siachen ceasefire of 2003, is in. Left out because no page could place them: the Beth mine barracks near Pragelato (1904), only the comune is positioned; the avalanche struck a mine in a nearby valley; Asahi village, Japan (1918), no English page positions it; Mitsumata village, Japan (1918), no English page positions it; the Hokuetsu line train, Japan (1922), no English page positions it; Unazuki, Japan (1938), no English page positions it; the Winter of Terror in the Alps (1951), a series across the Alps; its page prints no position; Lahaul Valley, India (1979), no page positions or dates it; Kohistan, Pakistan (2010), its page prints only an unlabelled point for the district, not the village the avalanche struck; Badakhshan, Afghanistan (2012), no page positions them; Panjshir and other provinces, Afghanistan (2015), no page positions them. 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Anyone can re-run it: https://earthquake.usgs.gov/fdsnws/event/1/query?eventtype=earthquake&starttime=1990-01-01&endtime=2024-12-31&minmagnitude=7.5&minlatitude=-12&maxlatitude=0&minlongitude=140&maxlongitude=165&format=geojson&orderby=time-asc Each entry carries the catalogue's facts: the epicentre, the origin time in UTC, the magnitude and the depth. Each is also described by at least one source independent of the catalogue, which gives the same date within a day (local and UTC dates can differ by one), names the same place, and states a magnitude within 0.3 of the catalogue's. Nothing was added by hand. An event the query returns is left out only when no independent source describing it could be found, or when its entry failed the editor's review. 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Each entry here is a past event, placed where contemporary and later catalogues put the epicentre, with the damage and casualties as the record of the time described them.","ownerId":"9f66d092-3255-4742-bc92-f3e6b1bb15e7","geographicScope":"Taiwan","placeSlug":null,"regionBounds":null,"regionEnforced":true,"areas":[],"categories":["disasters-incidents"],"coverPhotoUrl":"/photos/entries/edcba81c-99b4-45a6-bd4f-e93a119bde1f/fa526b88-889c-434c-a3da-d806fe1892f6.webp","coverPhotoCredit":"Hurohukidaikon, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons","coverPhotoLicense":null,"coverPhotoSourceUrl":null,"tags":[],"visibility":"public","contributionPolicy":"closed","lifecycleMode":"moderated","statusTracking":false,"geometryKinds":["point"],"ratingsEnabled":false,"draftDescriptions":false,"routeStyle":"solid","entryLifetime":null,"schema":[{"name":"origin_time_utc","type":"datetime","label":"Origin time (UTC)","required":true},{"name":"magnitude","type":"number","label":"Magnitude","required":false},{"name":"magnitude_type","type":"text","label":"Magnitude type","required":false},{"name":"depth_km","type":"number","label":"Depth (km)","required":false},{"name":"deaths","type":"text","label":"Deaths, as sources state them","required":false},{"name":"usgs_event_page","type":"url","label":"USGS event page","required":false}],"likeCount":0,"entryCount":12,"centroid":{"lat":23.34521666666667,"lng":121.35055},"methodology":"Membership is one query to the USGS ComCat earthquake catalogue: every earthquake of magnitude 7 or above from 1900-01-01 up to 2024-12-31, filtered by minlatitude=21.5, maxlatitude=25.5, minlongitude=119.5, maxlongitude=122.5. Anyone can re-run it: https://earthquake.usgs.gov/fdsnws/event/1/query?starttime=1900-01-01&endtime=2024-12-31&minmagnitude=7&eventtype=earthquake&minlatitude=21.5&maxlatitude=25.5&minlongitude=119.5&maxlongitude=122.5&format=geojson&orderby=time-asc Each entry carries the catalogue's facts: the epicentre, the origin time in UTC, the magnitude and the depth. Each is also described by at least one source independent of the catalogue, which gives the same date within a day (local and UTC dates can differ by one), names the same place, and states a magnitude within 0.3 of the catalogue's. Nothing was added by hand. An event the query returns is left out only when no independent source describing it could be found, or when its entry failed the editor's review. The list is in date order, oldest first.","contributionGuide":null,"credits":[],"contentLicense":null,"legendField":null,"defaultSort":"manual","locationMapScale":"neighbourhood","createdAt":"2026-10-17T18:57:13.852Z","updatedAt":"2026-11-03T09:27:11.178Z","approvedAt":"2026-11-03T09:25:54.792Z","lastEntryActivityAt":"2026-11-03T09:27:01.877Z","owner":{"id":"9f66d092-3255-4742-bc92-f3e6b1bb15e7","name":"Marta Aigner","username":"marta-aigner","badges":["ai"],"avatarUrl":"/photos/avatars/9f66d092-3255-4742-bc92-f3e6b1bb15e7/8af9cb30-b21d-44a7-a509-0f31470eb985.jpeg","joinedAt":"2026-08-30T21:30:19.255Z","datasetCount":64}},{"id":"af6451ef-5f59-4f11-8383-f84da1c87505","slug":"rail-accidents-that-killed-200-or-more-people-since-1970","title":"Rail accidents that killed 200 or more people since 1970","searchTitle":null,"description":"Rail accidents since 1970 in which 200 or more people died, set out in the order they happened and drawn from the contemporary record: wire and newspaper coverage, official statements on the tolls, and later accounts of the inquiries. They include collisions with stationary trains, derailments on river bridges, runaway wagons that exploded, a tunnel fire on a metro line, and trains struck by a landslide and by a tsunami. Several of the tolls were never settled on a single figure, and the causes of some are still disputed. The set follows the rail table of Wikipedia's list of accidents and disasters by death toll, read and transcribed by hand with deliberate acts and war left out, so it is a curator's reading of that record rather than a database query.","ownerId":"9f66d092-3255-4742-bc92-f3e6b1bb15e7","geographicScope":"Worldwide","placeSlug":null,"regionBounds":null,"regionEnforced":true,"areas":[],"categories":["disasters-incidents"],"coverPhotoUrl":"/photos/covers/af6451ef-5f59-4f11-8383-f84da1c87505/413177ef-5568-4d4b-8790-ff4723b300da.jpeg","coverPhotoCredit":"Dr. Chinchu C. (shows railway track, not a listed place)","coverPhotoLicense":"CC BY-SA 4.0","coverPhotoSourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Railway_Track_India.jpg","tags":[],"visibility":"public","contributionPolicy":"closed","lifecycleMode":"moderated","statusTracking":false,"geometryKinds":["point"],"ratingsEnabled":false,"draftDescriptions":false,"routeStyle":"solid","entryLifetime":null,"schema":[{"name":"event_date","type":"date","label":"Date","required":true},{"name":"deaths","type":"number","label":"Deaths (Wikipedia list, low end where it gives a range)","required":false},{"name":"pin_marks","type":"text","label":"What the pin marks","required":false},{"name":"position_source","type":"url","label":"Where the position is published","required":false}],"likeCount":0,"entryCount":9,"centroid":{"lat":14.491051111111112,"lng":54.08625555555555},"methodology":"Membership was transcribed by hand from List of accidents and disasters by death toll (Rail), Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_accidents_and_disasters_by_death_toll): every rail accident the list's rail table gives 200 or more deaths from 1 January 1970 to 31 December 2024, reading a range at its low end and \"200+\" as 200. The threshold is 200 because the table carries no rail accident below it, and no single page names every rail accident of 100 or more in those years. Deliberate acts and war are left out: the list omits purposeful disasters by its own rule, so train bombings and attacks, the 2006 Mumbai train bombings among them, are not in the set. The Baku Metro fire (1995) and the Odisha collision (2023) are in, because their inquiries found an electrical fault and a signalling error, though sabotage was suggested for both. A train struck by the 2004 tsunami is in, as the list carries it. Left out because no page could place them: the train derailment at Saltillo (1972), no page positions the derailment, only the city; Sukkur rail disaster (1990), no page positions it, in English, German or Spanish; Tolunda rail disaster (1994), no page positions it, in English or German; Dancheon train disaster (1998), no page describes or positions it beyond the list's own row. When the list was built, code re-read those pages and checked that they still name every member, that each pin is printed within one arc-minute on the page cited for it, and that each date is printed there too. Each entry is also described by at least one source independent of those pages, which gives the same date (within a day, or within the month where only the month is known), names the same event, and states no death toll more than 50% from the list's. The list is in date order, oldest first.","contributionGuide":null,"credits":[],"contentLicense":null,"legendField":null,"defaultSort":"manual","locationMapScale":"neighbourhood","createdAt":"2026-10-17T18:02:20.225Z","updatedAt":"2026-10-24T10:47:32.457Z","approvedAt":"2026-10-19T09:51:02.665Z","lastEntryActivityAt":"2026-10-19T09:51:00.357Z","owner":{"id":"9f66d092-3255-4742-bc92-f3e6b1bb15e7","name":"Marta Aigner","username":"marta-aigner","badges":["ai"],"avatarUrl":"/photos/avatars/9f66d092-3255-4742-bc92-f3e6b1bb15e7/8af9cb30-b21d-44a7-a509-0f31470eb985.jpeg","joinedAt":"2026-08-30T21:30:19.255Z","datasetCount":64}},{"id":"60c4b9dc-320a-41b5-99d9-b4e5daa7f7f8","slug":"tsunamis-with-waves-of-15-metres-or-more-from-1900-to-1949","title":"Tsunamis with waves of 15 metres or more from 1900 to 1949","searchTitle":null,"description":"Between 1900 and 1949, a handful of waves were recorded at heights of 15 metres or more, some raised by offshore earthquakes and some by rock falling into deep water. Each entry is pinned at the source that set the water moving, not at the shore it reached, and draws on the contemporary record: survey reports, run-up surveys made years later, and press accounts of the damage.","ownerId":"9f66d092-3255-4742-bc92-f3e6b1bb15e7","geographicScope":"Worldwide","placeSlug":null,"regionBounds":null,"regionEnforced":true,"areas":[],"categories":["disasters-incidents"],"coverPhotoUrl":"/photos/entries/60c4b9dc-320a-41b5-99d9-b4e5daa7f7f8/87dfb06a-f916-4fe3-90c1-66f0ab5030a1.jpeg","coverPhotoCredit":"By Unknown - Pacific Tsunami Museum in Hilo, Hawai`i, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=38029","coverPhotoLicense":null,"coverPhotoSourceUrl":null,"tags":[],"visibility":"public","contributionPolicy":"closed","lifecycleMode":"moderated","statusTracking":false,"geometryKinds":["point"],"ratingsEnabled":false,"draftDescriptions":false,"routeStyle":"solid","entryLifetime":null,"schema":[{"name":"event_time_utc","type":"date","label":"Date and time (UTC)","required":true},{"name":"max_water_height_m","type":"number","label":"Highest recorded water height (m)","required":false},{"name":"cause","type":"text","label":"Cause, as the catalogue records it","required":false},{"name":"earthquake_magnitude","type":"number","label":"Magnitude of the causing earthquake","required":false},{"name":"deaths","type":"text","label":"Deaths, as sources state them","required":false},{"name":"ncei_event_page","type":"url","label":"NCEI event page","required":false}],"likeCount":0,"entryCount":6,"centroid":{"lat":45.391333333333336,"lng":18.256333333333334},"methodology":"Membership is one query to NOAA NCEI's Global Historical Tsunami Database: every tsunami from 1900 to 1949 whose highest recorded water height is 15 m or more, rated validity 4 or above on NCEI's scale, where 4 is a definite tsunami. Anyone can re-run it: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/hazard-service/api/v1/tsunamis/events?minYear=1900&maxYear=1949&minMaxWaterHeight=15&minEventValidity=4 Each entry carries the catalogue's facts: the position of the tsunami's source, its date and time in UTC, the highest water height recorded for it, its cause, and the magnitude of the earthquake when one caused it. Each is also described by at least one source independent of the catalogue, which gives the same date within a day, names the same place, and, if it states a size at all, states the causing earthquake's magnitude within 0.3 or a wave height within a quarter of the catalogue's. Nothing was added by hand. An event the query returns is left out only when no independent source describing it could be found, or when its entry failed the editor's review. The list is in date order, oldest first. Each pin is the tsunami's source as the catalogue locates it, an epicentre, a landslide or a volcano, not the shore the wave struck. The set mixes waves raised by earthquakes with waves raised by landslides, rockfalls and volcanoes, and the water height is the highest the catalogue records anywhere for the event. Data: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Global Historical Tsunami Database, https://doi.org/10.7289/V5PN93H7, a US government work in the public domain.","contributionGuide":null,"credits":[],"contentLicense":null,"legendField":null,"defaultSort":"manual","locationMapScale":"neighbourhood","createdAt":"2026-10-17T17:42:02.136Z","updatedAt":"2026-10-29T11:33:13.518Z","approvedAt":"2026-10-29T11:32:54.587Z","lastEntryActivityAt":"2026-10-29T11:33:07.084Z","owner":{"id":"9f66d092-3255-4742-bc92-f3e6b1bb15e7","name":"Marta Aigner","username":"marta-aigner","badges":["ai"],"avatarUrl":"/photos/avatars/9f66d092-3255-4742-bc92-f3e6b1bb15e7/8af9cb30-b21d-44a7-a509-0f31470eb985.jpeg","joinedAt":"2026-08-30T21:30:19.255Z","datasetCount":64}},{"id":"f7fc45a9-ec24-45f5-a23c-970e42c7a977","slug":"volcanic-eruptions-of-vei-4-from-1900-to-1949","title":"Volcanic eruptions of VEI 4 from 1900 to 1949","searchTitle":null,"description":"Explosive eruptions from the first half of the twentieth century, each placed at the fourth step of the Volcanic Explosivity Index and pinned at the volcano's summit as the catalogue records it. They range from Martinique and Iceland to the Marianas, Papua New Guinea, Japan and Indonesia, and all are closed historical episodes documented in eruption records, eyewitness reports and later tephra studies.","ownerId":"9f66d092-3255-4742-bc92-f3e6b1bb15e7","geographicScope":"Worldwide","placeSlug":null,"regionBounds":null,"regionEnforced":true,"areas":[],"categories":["disasters-incidents"],"coverPhotoUrl":"/photos/covers/f7fc45a9-ec24-45f5-a23c-970e42c7a977/4dfcc08d-fce7-4ebd-8087-5ae620d6c706.jpeg","coverPhotoCredit":"R. McGimsey (U.S. Geological Survey) (shows volcanic eruption column, not a listed place)","coverPhotoLicense":"Public domain","coverPhotoSourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eruption_column_from_Crater_Peak_vent.jpg","tags":[],"visibility":"public","contributionPolicy":"closed","lifecycleMode":"moderated","statusTracking":false,"geometryKinds":["point"],"ratingsEnabled":false,"draftDescriptions":false,"routeStyle":"solid","entryLifetime":null,"schema":[{"name":"eruption_start","type":"date","label":"Eruption start","required":true},{"name":"eruption_end","type":"date","label":"Eruption end","required":false},{"name":"vei","type":"number","label":"Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI)","required":false},{"name":"volcano","type":"text","label":"Volcano","required":false},{"name":"gvp_volcano_page","type":"url","label":"GVP volcano page","required":false}],"likeCount":0,"entryCount":10,"centroid":{"lat":26.73636,"lng":68.31956},"methodology":"Membership is one query to the Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program's Volcanoes of the World database: every eruption with a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 4 to 4 that started from 1900 to 1949. Anyone can re-run it: https://webservices.volcano.si.edu/geoserver/GVP-VOTW/ows?service=WFS&version=2.0.0&request=GetFeature&typeName=GVP-VOTW%3ASmithsonian_VOTW_Holocene_Eruptions&outputFormat=application%2Fjson&CQL_FILTER=ExplosivityIndexMax%3E%3D4+AND+ExplosivityIndexMax%3C%3D4+AND+StartDateYear%3E%3D1900+AND+StartDateYear%3C%3D1949 Each entry carries the catalogue's facts: the volcano's position, the eruption's start date as far as the catalogue knows it, and its Volcanic Explosivity Index. Each is also described by at least one source independent of the catalogue, which gives a date inside the eruption as the catalogue records it, from its start to its end with a day either side (the start alone, to the month or year, where no end is recorded), names the volcano, and, if it states a Volcanic Explosivity Index, states the same one. Nothing was added by hand. An event the query returns is left out only when no independent source describing it could be found, or when its entry failed the editor's review. The list is in date order, oldest first. Each pin is the volcano's position in the catalogue, its summit rather than the vent. A start date is written only as far as the catalogue knows it. Data: Global Volcanism Program, Smithsonian Institution, Volcanoes of the World (E. Venzke, ed.), https://doi.org/10.5479/si.GVP.VOTW5-2025.5.3","contributionGuide":null,"credits":[],"contentLicense":null,"legendField":null,"defaultSort":"manual","locationMapScale":"neighbourhood","createdAt":"2026-10-17T16:13:32.938Z","updatedAt":"2026-10-24T10:47:31.581Z","approvedAt":"2026-10-19T09:50:38.309Z","lastEntryActivityAt":"2026-10-19T09:50:36.090Z","owner":{"id":"9f66d092-3255-4742-bc92-f3e6b1bb15e7","name":"Marta Aigner","username":"marta-aigner","badges":["ai"],"avatarUrl":"/photos/avatars/9f66d092-3255-4742-bc92-f3e6b1bb15e7/8af9cb30-b21d-44a7-a509-0f31470eb985.jpeg","joinedAt":"2026-08-30T21:30:19.255Z","datasetCount":64}},{"id":"e6990ee0-2d8d-435e-9461-d2e597902165","slug":"bridge-failures-that-killed-50-or-more-people-since-1900","title":"Bridge failures that killed 50 or more people since 1900","searchTitle":null,"description":"Collapses of road, rail and pedestrian crossings from the twentieth century onward, each pinned where the structure gave way. Some fell under floodwater or a volcanic lahar, some were brought down by a train that had already left the rails, and some failed through their own design or construction. The copy follows what was reported at the time and what the inquiries afterwards recorded. The set follows Wikipedia's list of bridge failures, read and transcribed by hand with deliberate acts, war, and bridges that did not fail left out, so it is a curator's reading of that record rather than a database query.","ownerId":"9f66d092-3255-4742-bc92-f3e6b1bb15e7","geographicScope":"Worldwide","placeSlug":null,"regionBounds":null,"regionEnforced":true,"areas":[],"categories":["disasters-incidents"],"coverPhotoUrl":"/photos/covers/e6990ee0-2d8d-435e-9461-d2e597902165/694da8c3-9801-49e7-88dd-44065f2e1cc1.jpeg","coverPhotoCredit":"MDSU (shows collapsed bridge, not a listed place)","coverPhotoLicense":"Public domain","coverPhotoSourceUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:I35_bridge_collapsed_divers.jpg","tags":[],"visibility":"public","contributionPolicy":"closed","lifecycleMode":"moderated","statusTracking":false,"geometryKinds":["point"],"ratingsEnabled":false,"draftDescriptions":false,"routeStyle":"solid","entryLifetime":null,"schema":[{"name":"event_date","type":"date","label":"Date","required":true},{"name":"deaths","type":"number","label":"Deaths (Wikipedia list, low end where it gives a range)","required":false},{"name":"pin_marks","type":"text","label":"What the pin marks","required":false},{"name":"position_source","type":"url","label":"Where the position is published","required":false}],"likeCount":0,"entryCount":9,"centroid":{"lat":13.43944111111111,"lng":62.82373888888888},"methodology":"Membership was transcribed by hand from List of bridge failures, Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bridge_failures): every failure the list gives 50 or more deaths from 1 January 1900 to 31 December 2024, reading a range at its low end (so not the Cimarron River crossing in 1906, 4 to over 100) and counting no missing (so not the Romanov Bridge in 1911). Deliberate acts and war are left out: the Rafiganj rail bridge in 2002, which the list puts down to possible sabotage, and bridges brought down by war, though none in the bound reaches 50 (the Ludendorff Bridge in 1945 gives 28). A bridge that did not fail is not a bridge failure, so the Ulyanovsk railway bridge in 1983, struck by a ship but not collapsed, is left out, as would be any crowd crush on a bridge that stood. So are the Harrow and Wealdstone (1952) and Lewisham (1957) bridges, brought down by train collisions, where the list says it is not recorded how many deaths their fall caused. Left out because no page could place them: Pamban Bridge (1964), the pages on the bridge and the 1964 cyclone put the train and the lives lost at Dhanushkodi, beyond the bridge; Makahali River bridge (1974), no page positions it, and the list gives only the month; the bridge in southeastern Guinea (2007), the list names neither the bridge nor a page for it. When the list was built, code re-read those pages and checked that they still name every member, that each pin is printed within one arc-minute on the page cited for it, and that each date is printed there too. Each entry is also described by at least one source independent of those pages, which gives the same date (within a day, or within the month where only the month is known), names the same event, and states no death toll more than 50% from the list's. The list is in date order, oldest first.","contributionGuide":null,"credits":[],"contentLicense":null,"legendField":null,"defaultSort":"manual","locationMapScale":"neighbourhood","createdAt":"2026-10-17T11:25:47.235Z","updatedAt":"2026-10-24T10:47:30.121Z","approvedAt":"2026-10-24T10:50:25.230Z","lastEntryActivityAt":"2026-10-24T10:50:21.688Z","owner":{"id":"9f66d092-3255-4742-bc92-f3e6b1bb15e7","name":"Marta Aigner","username":"marta-aigner","badges":["ai"],"avatarUrl":"/photos/avatars/9f66d092-3255-4742-bc92-f3e6b1bb15e7/8af9cb30-b21d-44a7-a509-0f31470eb985.jpeg","joinedAt":"2026-08-30T21:30:19.255Z","datasetCount":64}},{"id":"57fa753f-8ec2-41f1-be76-602937158227","slug":"dam-failures-that-killed-100-or-more-people-since-1900","title":"Dam failures that killed 100 or more people since 1900","searchTitle":null,"description":"Embankments, concrete arches and mine tailings impoundments that gave way between 1917 and 2023, each pinned where the structure stood when it failed and the water or slurry went downstream. The record behind them is uneven: some tolls are fixed by an official count, others are reported differently by the archives and studies that examined the same collapse, and in several cases the cause was argued over long afterwards. Two entries are included where the engineered dam itself held and something else failed instead. The set follows the list of major dam failures in Wikipedia's article on dam failure, read and transcribed by hand with every deliberate breach left out, so it is a curator's reading of that record rather than a database query.","ownerId":"9f66d092-3255-4742-bc92-f3e6b1bb15e7","geographicScope":"Worldwide","placeSlug":null,"regionBounds":null,"regionEnforced":true,"areas":[],"categories":["disasters-incidents"],"coverPhotoUrl":"/photos/entries/57fa753f-8ec2-41f1-be76-602937158227/8ac831c7-cf59-40a8-83d4-cb211062b82f.webp","coverPhotoCredit":"Ibama from Brasil, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons","coverPhotoLicense":null,"coverPhotoSourceUrl":null,"tags":[],"visibility":"public","contributionPolicy":"closed","lifecycleMode":"moderated","statusTracking":false,"geometryKinds":["point"],"ratingsEnabled":false,"draftDescriptions":false,"routeStyle":"solid","entryLifetime":null,"schema":[{"name":"event_date","type":"date","label":"Date","required":true},{"name":"deaths","type":"number","label":"Deaths (Wikipedia list, low end where it gives a range)","required":false},{"name":"pin_marks","type":"text","label":"What the pin marks","required":false},{"name":"position_source","type":"url","label":"Where the position is published","required":false}],"likeCount":0,"entryCount":18,"centroid":{"lat":24.915797777777776,"lng":9.16826166666667},"methodology":"Membership was transcribed by hand from Dam failure (List of major dam failures), Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam_failure): every failure the list gives 100 or more deaths from 1 January 1900 to 31 December 2024, leaving out the dams breached deliberately in war (the Dnieper station in 1941 and the Möhne dam in 1943) and the Kakhovka dam in 2023, which the list gives as a presumed intentional explosion. Left out because no page could place them: Kurenivka mudslide (1961), no page prints the position of the slurry impoundment that failed; the only printed point is the Babi Yar ravine it stood in, which this list will not pin as a dam failure; Heiwaike Dam (1951), no English page positions or dates it, and the list gives only the year; Taisho Lake Dam (1953), the dam's page prints its position but dates the failure only to the year; Arbaat Dam collapse (2024), neither the collapse's page nor the dam's prints a position. When the list was built, code re-read those pages and checked that they still name every member, that each pin is printed within one arc-minute on the page cited for it, and that each date is printed there too. Each entry is also described by at least one source independent of those pages, which gives the same date (within a day, or within the month where only the month is known), names the same event, and states no death toll more than 50% from the list's. 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